1. Introduction

The study of thermal behavior in double-skin facades during fire conditions has become an essential frontier in performance-based design, particularly with the adoption of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) as a flexible numerical tool. This introduction lays the groundwork by explaining the complexity of fire-driven cavity flows, the role of glazing layers, and the modulation introduced by venetian blinds on heat propagation. The combination of SPH modeling and façade engineering opens new possibilities for predicting failure thresholds, understanding material interactions, and enhancing façade resilience. This theme establishes why interdisciplinary research—merging computational physics, fire dynamics, and architectural systems—is critical for modern fire-safe building design.

2. Thermal Interaction Mechanisms in Double-Skin Facades

This topic explores the intricate energy exchanges within double-skin façades when exposed to fire, focusing on conduction, convection, and radiation dynamics. It discusses how cavity geometry, ventilation patterns, and glazing configurations interact under elevated temperatures, shaping the overall thermal performance. The paragraph highlights how SPH helps capture transient behaviors that traditional grid-based solvers often miss.

3. Influence of Venetian Blinds on Fire-Driven Cavity Flows

Here the conversation centers on how venetian blinds—often added for daylight control—alter heat pathways and smoke spread during fire events. Their positioning, material properties, and slat angles significantly influence airflow obstruction, heat accumulation, and pressure distribution. The topic reflects research on how SPH simulation visualizes their role as thermal modifiers within the façade cavity.

4. Advantages of SPH Over Conventional CFD in Facade Analysis

This section examines why SPH is emerging as a preferred tool for complex façade-fire interactions. By modeling fluids as particles instead of relying on fixed grids, SPH offers flexibility for large deformations, high-temperature gradients, and real-time response patterns. The paragraph underscores how this method enhances accuracy in predicting façade failure or resilience.

5. Fire Safety Implications for High-Performance Building Envelopes

This topic addresses how research findings impact real-world fire-safety strategies, especially in high-rise and energy-efficient buildings. It touches on regulatory perspectives, façade material selection, cavity ventilation guidelines, and the need for performance-based design supported by advanced computational insights like SPH.

6. Future Research Opportunities in SPH-Based Facade Fire Modeling

The final topic highlights emerging directions such as integrating AI-assisted simulation, coupling SPH with structural failure models, expanding multi-physics approaches, and developing open-source tools for façade fire studies. It stresses the importance of collaborative research to build safer, intelligent, and thermally robust building systems.

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